Estimates of the quantity of plant C partitioned belowground (to roots and EMF) varies widely (40–73%) depending on the methodology used and ecosystem studied, and is affected by several factors such as the identity of plant and fungal species, plant nutrient content, and EM age. Movement of nutrients within an ecto-mycorrhizal (EM) mycelial network, as well as exchange of C and nutrients between symbionts, appear to be regulated by source-sink relationships. They influence mycorrhizosphere chemistry through release of organic acids and production of enzymes. Ecto-mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) increase uptake rates of nutrients by a variety of mechanisms, including increased physical access to soil, changes to mycorrhizosphere or hyphosphere chemistry, and alteration of the bacterial community in the. Mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the uptake of nutrients in exchange for C from host plants, and possibly in the transfer of C and nutrients between plants. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance.
The community strongly supports the idea of protecting and preserving the wetland to ensure the healthy functioning of ecosystems.įree-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients.
The research findings indicate that awareness of the importance of oyster habitats to the wetland ecosystems is high among the local community. The study employed a quantitative approach using a survey method to examine, in particular, the local community’s awareness of the oyster habitat that has a direct impact on the Setiu Wetland ecosystems. This paper addresses the local community’s awareness of the ecosystem importance of Setiu Wetland and the socio-economic activities in the area. Like other coastal zone managements adopted in Southeast Asia, MSP requires participation and awareness of the local community to ensure sustainable development targets are achieved. MSP is an integrated coastal zone management tool to govern conflicting uses of an area considering environmental sustainably. The main objective of this study was to analyse the potential of marine spatial planning (MSP) to be adopted there. This study examined Setiu Wetland, a wetland with diverse ecosystems on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Oftentimes, uncoordinated economic development plans in wetlands and surrounding areas have affected the ecological functions of these sensitive ecosystems. Many wetlands have experienced rapid degradation that is due to unstainable development practices globally.